[107] Dictatorships are often recipients of foreign aid on the condition that they make advances toward democratization. A dictatorship is a form of government, where one person effectively has all the power to run a country. Allowing the opposition to have representation in the regime, such as through a legislature, further reduces the likelihood of terrorist attacks in a dictatorship. [145], Van den Bosch, Jeroen J. J., Personalist Rule in Africa and Other World Regions, (London-New York: Routledge, 2021): 13-16, wave of left-wing revolutionary movements, List of countries by system of government, "Review: Totalitarianism, Social Science, and the Margins", "Generals, Dictators, and Kings: Authoritarian Regimes and Civil Conflict, 19732004", "Elites, Single Parties and Political Decision-making in Fascist-era Dictatorships", "Theories of dictatorships: sub-types and explanations", "Personalization of Power and Repression in Dictatorships", "The Tyranny of Dictatorship: When the Greek Tyrant Met the Roman Dictator", "The Five Ancient Criteria of Democracy: The Apotheosis of Equality", "When was the title Dictator perpetuus given to Caesar? Dictatorships that fail to repress the opposition are susceptible to collapse through a coup or a revolution. While the People's Republic of China was initially aligned with the Soviet Union, relations between the two countries deteriorated as the Soviet Union underwent de-Stalinization in the late-1950s. The two systems, however, may be distinguished in several ways. This person is called a dictator. Putin's Russia is headed for a military dictatorship - and total collapse. On paper, Russia is a federal democratic state. Approximately ten percent of the countries in the world today are considered dictatorships. [18], A classification of dictatorships, which began with political scientist Barbara Geddes in 1999, focuses on where power lies. The leader of a dictatorship is called a dictator. In very few cases, a small group of people holds this power, which is called an oligarchy. With the decline and disappearance in the 19th and 20th centuries of monarchies based on hereditary descent, dictatorship became one of the two chief forms of government in use by nations throughout the world, the other being constitutional democracy. [134], Most dictatorships hold elections to maintain legitimacy and stability, but these elections are typically uncompetitive and the opposition is not permitted to win. Example: A dictatorship exists when a leader has absolute power that is unchecked by any other branches of government. [88] European fascism was imported to Latin America as well, and the Vargas Era of Brazil was heavily influenced by the corporatism practiced in fascist Italy. Preference falsification, Internal politics, data scarcity, and restriction of media are just a few examples of the dangers of a personalistic authoritarian regime. Dictators employ techniques of mass propaganda in order to sustain public support. dictatorship, Form of government in which one person or an oligarchy possesses absolute power without effective constitutional checks. Ancient philosophers descriptions of the tyrannies of Greece and Sicily go far toward characterizing modern dictatorships. Thus, the proclamation of emergency rule was the beginning of the dictatorships of Mussolini in Italy, of Kemal Atatrk in Turkey, of Jzef Pisudski in Poland, of Antnio de Olveira Salazar in Portugal, of Franz von Papen and Hitler in Germany, and of Engelbert Dollfuss and Kurt von Schuschnigg in Austria. Example: Dictators frequently use psychological manipulation. A dictatorship is a form of government which is characterized by a leader, or a group of leaders, who hold governmental powers with few to no limitations on them. | Meaning, pronunciation, translations and examples Many others developed following a period of warlordism. The growing complexity of modern society and its government thrusts ever greater power into the hands of administrators and committees of experts. This may be ensured through incentives, such as distribution of financial resources or promises of security, or it may be through repression, in which failing to support the regime is punished. [138], In the 20th century, most dictatorships held elections in which voters could only choose to support the dictatorship, with only one-quarter of partisan dictatorships permitting opposition candidates to participate. (See personalismo.) [92] Deng Xiaoping took power as the de facto leader of China after Mao's death and implemented reforms to restore stability following the Cultural Revolution and reestablish free market economics. Nglish: Translation of dictatorship for Spanish Speakers, Britannica English: Translation of dictatorship for Arabic Speakers, Britannica.com: Encyclopedia article about dictatorship. Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. [20][21] They are most common in developing nations in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. To save this word, you'll need to log in. Dictatorship | Definition, Characteristics, Countries, & Facts The 20th century saw the rise of fascist and communist dictatorships in Europe; fascism was eradicated in the aftermath of World War II in 1945, while communism spread to other continents, maintaining prominence until the end of the Cold War in 1991. [100] Josip Broz Tito declared a communist government in Yugoslavia during World War II, which was initially aligned with the Soviet Union. [49] In an absolute monarchy, power is limited to the royal family, and legitimacy is established by historical factors. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. Dictators use psychological manipulation, imprisonment, torture and murder to intimidate the citizens into complete obedience. A dictatorship is a form of government characterized by the absolute rule of one person or a very small group of people who hold all political power. Dictatorship is an old form of government with origins in ancient Rome. [103], Military dictatorships remained prominent in Latin America during the Cold War, though the number of coups declined starting in the 1980s. [108], Dictatorship in Europe largely ended after the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, and the liberalization of most communist states. In recent centuries, the dictatorships that replaced monarchies also evolved. As the Cold War went on, the Soviet Union increased its influence in Africa, and MarxistLeninist dictatorships developed in several African countries. [11][12] He describes totalitarian regimes as exercising control over politics and political mobilization rather than merely suppressing it. Several dictatorships have persisted into the 21st century, particularly in Africa and Asia. The proclamation of emergency rule, for example, was the beginning of the dictatorships of Hitler in Germany, Benito Mussolini in Italy, Kemal Atatrk in Turkey, Jzef Pisudki in Poland, and Antnio de Oliveira Salazar in Portugal. [87], The decolonisation of Africa prompted the creation of new governments, many of which became dictatorships in the 1960s and 1970s. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Factions or divisions among the elites will mitigate their ability to bargain with the dictator, resulting in the dictator having more unrestrained power. The leader of a dictatorship is called a dictator. [140] Opposition parties in dictatorships may be restricted by preventing them from campaigning, banning more popular opposition parties, preventing opposition members from forming a party, or requiring that candidates be a member of the ruling party. The Soviet economy became unsustainable, and communist governments lost the support of intellectuals. I feel like its a lifeline. What is a dictatorship? Totalitarianism | Definition, Characteristics, Examples, & Facts Poverty has a destabilizing effect on government, causing democracy to fail and regimes to fall more often. Dictatorship: Its Types and Reasons | by Old Times - Medium Spanish Prime Minister Pedro Sanchez spoke out in support of the Israeli judicial reform protests in a video that was screened at the anti-judicial reform demonstrations in Tel Aviv on Saturday . Biden finally ready to shift into campaign mode | The Hill [2] The inner circle's support is necessary for a dictator's orders to be carried out, causing elites to serve as a check on the dictator's power. [94], Marxist and nationalist movements became popular in Southeast Asia as a response to colonial control and the subsequent Japanese occupation of Southeast Asia, with both ideologies facilitating the creation of dictatorships after World War II. The figure who embodies this dictatorship is obviously the dictator and this always represents the maximum hierarchy and authority for all things related to the development of a society. There are three main characteristics of a dictatorship. Military dictators may also be less trusting or diplomatic and underestimate the use of bargaining and compromise in politics. Learn a new word every day. She has a Master's degree in History. Other factors associated with military coups include extensive natural resources, limited use of the military internationally, and use of the military as an oppressive force domestically. President Biden is expected to make his reelection announcement as soon as Tuesday, beginning the 80-year-old career politician's final campaign. What Type Of Government Does Russia Have? - WorldAtlas Totalitarianism is a type of governmental system in which the government exerts a domineering level of control over the population. Unfortunately, dictatorships seldom usher in a nation's prosperity. [29][30] The use of ruling parties also provides more legitimacy to its leadership and elites than other forms of dictatorship[31] and facilitates a peaceful transfer of power at the end of a dictator's rule. The communist and fascist dictatorships that arose in various technologically advanced countries in the first half of the 20th century were distinctively different from the authoritarian regimes of Latin America or the postcolonial dictatorships of Africa and Asia. Power is enforced through a steadfast collaboration between the government and a highly developed ideology. For When 'Lowdown Crook' Isn't Specific Enough. This means that the ruler or party has complete control. They are more likely to end in violence and less likely to democratize than other forms of dictatorship. The root word dictator comes from the Roman Republic when a "dictator" would be appointed temporarily during an emergency or state crisis. [79] Fascism developed in Europe as a rejection of liberalism, socialism, and modernism, and the first fascist political parties formed in the 1920s. [6], The opposition to a dictatorship represents all of the factions that are not part of the dictatorship and anyone that does not support the regime. North Korea's Power Structure - Council on Foreign Relations A dictatorship is a form of government where one person, or a small group of individuals, can make decisions without effective constitutional limitations. [19], Military dictatorships are regimes in which military officers hold power, determine who will lead the country, and exercise influence over policy. In some circumstances, monarchies are also considered dictatorships if the monarchs hold a significant amount of political power. Dictators use intimidation, terror, and the suppression of basic civil liberties. Send us feedback about these examples. . A dictatorship is a form of government in which most or all authority of the country is in the hands of a single individual; the leader. They are often unstable, and the average duration of a military dictatorship is only five years, but they are often followed by additional military coups and military dictatorships. Dictatorship is the special type of ruling over a country. Political scientists such as Juan Jos Linz and Samuel P. Huntington identify key attributes that define the power structure of a dictatorship, including a single leader or a small group of leaders, the exercise of power with few limitations, limited political pluralism, and limited mass mobilization. They are not held accountable for their actions and are free to do as they please, even limiting citizens' freedom and rights, including: To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. While a dictatorship is a form of government in some nations, just as monarchy or representative democracy is the form of government in others, dictatorships are seen by non-dictatorships as dangerous and cruel because of the way they tend to treat their citizens. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. You won't find a dictator who calls himself a dictator. A military dictatorship is a form of government in which the military holds most or all political power. Accessed 1 May. They tended to ally with a particular social class and attempted either to maintain the interests of wealthy and privileged elites or institute far-reaching left-wing social reforms. Its like a teacher waved a magic wand and did the work for me. When letters make sounds that aren't associated w One goose, two geese. scholarly analysis of Mussolini, Hitler, Stalin and Mao, as well as Kim Il-sung of North Korea; Franois Duvalier, or Papa Doc, of Haiti; Nicolae Ceauescu of Romania; and Mengistu Haile Mariam of Ethiopia. [82], Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party created a second fascist dictatorship in Germany in 1933,[83] obtaining absolute power through a combination of electoral victory, violence, and emergency powers. Ruling parties allow a dictatorship to more broadly influence the populace and facilitate political agreement between party elites. [50] Monarchies allow for strict rules of succession that produce a peaceful transfer of power on the monarch's death, but this can also result in succession disputes if multiple members of the royal family claim a right to succeed. Oligarchic tendencies of a lesser degree have been detected in all the great bureaucratic structures of advanced political systems. Personalist regimes diverge from other regimes when it comes to their longevity, methods of breakdown, levels of corruption, and proneness to conflicts. [27] One-party rule also developed in several countries in Africa during decolonization in the 1960s and 1970s, some of which produced authoritarian regimes. [48], An absolute monarchy is a monarchy in which the monarch rules without legal limitations. Totalitarianism is the most extreme form of authoritarianism and is considered an oppressive method of ruling a nation. [143], Terrorism is less common in dictatorships. Military dictatorships are more prone to conflict due to the inherent military strength associated with such a regime, and personalist dictatorships are more prone to conflict due to the weaker institutions to check the dictator's power. The Kim family, specifically Supreme Leaders Kim Il-sung, Kim Jong-il, and Kim Jong-un, has ruled North Korea since 1948. Many forces at work in the late 20th and early 21st centuries have appeared to lend impetus to the rise of monocratic forms of rule. Try refreshing the page, or contact customer support. Direct Democracy Examples in World History | Pros & Cons, What is Constitutional Monarchy? [60] During the L dynasty of Vietnam between the 16th and 18th centuries, the country was under de facto military rule by two rival military families: the Trnh lords in the north and the Nguyn lords in the south. It was initially aligned with Yugoslavia, but its alignment shifted throughout the Cold War between Yugoslavia, the Soviet Union, and China. [64][65][66], Dictatorship developed as a major form of government in the 19th century, though the concept was not universally seen pejoratively at the time, with both a tyrannical concept and a quasi-constitutional concept of dictatorship understood to exist. [56] Caesar subverted the tradition of temporary dictatorships when he was made dictator perpetuo, or a dictator for life, which led to the creation of the Roman Empire. Ecclesiastical - a government administrated by a church. The National Liberation Front & People's Army of Vietnam | History, Purpose & Strategy, The Power of the Federal Judiciary: Sources & Consequences, Totalitarian Government | Characteristics & Examples. [87] Populist movements were strengthened following the economic turmoil of the Great Depression, producing populist dictatorships in several Latin American countries. [56] At least 85 such dictators were chosen over the course of the Roman Republic, the last of which was chosen to wage the Second Punic War. Dictatorship - HISTORY CRUNCH - History Articles, Biographies In which one may be a senior politician or any group owns all the authority for ruling over the country. Theocracy Overview & Examples | What is Theocracy? [141], In a dictatorship, violence is used to coerce or repress all opposition to the dictator's rule, and the strength of a dictatorship depends on its use of violence. Although governing elites in these societies are no longer recruited from a single class, they are often not subjected to effective restraints on the exercise of their power. These self-proclaimed dictators used private armies to establish control over territories. Often, too, 20th-century dictators in Latin America allied themselves with a particular social class, attempting either to maintain the interests of established economic groupings or to press social reforms. [59] Shoguns were de facto military dictators in Japan beginning in 1185 and continuing for over six hundred years. The rigging of elections is just one example of how citizens in a dictatorship have little to no personal freedom. Many personalist regimes will install open ballots to protect their regimes and implement heavy security measures and censorship for those whose personal preferences do not align with the values of the leader. Current dictatorships include Russia, Equatorial New Guinea, and North Korea. The complex decisions required of governments in a technological era, the perfectionist impulses of the great bureaucratic structures that have developed in all industrialized societies, and the imperatives of national survival in a nuclear world continue to add to the process of executive aggrandizement. Single-party dictatorships are one-party states in which only the party in power is legalized and all opposition parties are banned. Parties formed after the seizure of power often have little influence and only exist to serve the dictator. Definition of Dictatorship Noun Absolute, imperious, or haughty power or control. To enact policy, a dictator must either appease the regime's elites or attempt to replace them. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Dictators tend to resort to force or fraud to gain political power. The crucial elements of both were the identification of the state with a single mass party and of the party with its charismatic leader, the use of an official ideology to legitimize and maintain the regime, the use of terror and propaganda to suppress dissent and stifle opposition, and the use of modern science and technology to control the economy and individual behaviour. [28] Due to the structure of their leadership, one-party dictatorships are significantly less likely to face civil conflict, insurgency, or terrorism than other forms of dictatorship. [23] Military coups do not necessarily result in military dictatorships, as power may then be passed to an individual or the military may allow democratic elections to take place. Although similar in some respects to the dictatorships of the new countries, the caudillos of 19th- and 20th-century Latin America represented a very different type of monocratic rule. However, over the years, these governments evolved into national leaders and were put in their position of power by nationalistic military officers. [117] Generally, two research approaches exist: the minimalist approach, which focuses on whether a country has continued elections that are competitive, and the substantive approach, which expands the concept of democracy to include human rights, freedom of the press, and the rule of law. There are no checks and balances of power that these leaders need to conform to. The use of the term dictatorship originated in the Roman Republic. Stability in a dictatorship is maintained through coercion and political repression, which involves the restriction of access to information, the tracking of the political opposition, and acts of violence. These caudillos, or self-proclaimed leaders, usually led a private army and tried to establish control over a territory before marching upon a weak national government. Write an essay of approximately one to two pages that describes the characteristics of life under a dictatorship. The term dictatorship comes from the Latin title dictator, which in the Roman Republic designated a temporary magistrate who was granted extraordinary powers in order to deal with state crises. These movements were a response to what they perceived as decadence and societal decay due to the changing social norms and race relations brought about by liberalism. The dictatorship is opposed to the democratic system of government. in Elementary Education from Northern Arizona University and M.Ed. [11], A dictatorship is formed when a specific group seizes power, with the composition of this group affecting how power is seized and how the eventual dictatorship will rule. Italian dictator Benito Mussolini coined the term totalitario in the early 1920s to characterize the new fascist state of Italy, which he further described as "all within the state, none outside the state, none . Rule by dictator. The dictatorship was revived 120 years later by Sulla after his crushing of a populist movement, and 33 years after that by Julius Caesar. Under this system, there are three types of dictatorships. - Definition, Facts, Characteristics & Examples, Army Leadership: Attributes, Philosophy & Principles, Strategic Leadership: Definition, Characteristics & Examples, Human Resources Management: Help & Review, International Business Management: Help & Review, Using Kanban in Business Management: Help & Review, U.S. Labor Law in the Private Sector Post-1960, High School Business for Teachers: Help & Review, Introduction to Financial Accounting: Certificate Program, Information Systems and Computer Applications: Certificate Program, Introduction to Management: Help and Review, Dictatorship Lesson for Kids: Definition & Facts, Robinson-Patman Act Of 1936: Summary, Overview, Interactive Marketing: Strategies & Examples, What Is Cultural Awareness in Business? Governments classified by mode of succession, Succession by constitutional prescription, Governments classified by stage of development, Protection of political and social rights, Development and change in political systems. In some instances, a group of nations or communities could be governed under a dictatorship instead of a single nation. Origin 1540-1580 Middle English < Latin dicttor (dictator + ship) What is a Dictatorship In some of these countries, presidents and prime ministers captured personal power by banning opposition parties and building replicas of the one-party systems of the communist world. [85] After being defeated in World War II, the far-right dictatorships of Europe collapsed, with the exceptions of Spain and Portugal. Even in constitutional regimes, no fully satisfactory answer has been found to the question of how these bureaucratic decision makers can be held accountable and their powers effectively restrained without, at the same time, jeopardizing the efficiency and rationality of the policy-making process. [54], Asia saw several military dictatorships during the post-classical era. Elites are also the primary political threats of a dictator, as they can leverage their power to influence or overthrow the dictatorship. [22], Military dictatorships are typically formed by a military coup in which senior officers use the military to overthrow the government. Today, dictators do not rise in response to an emergency and the position is not temporary. The modern caudillo proved to be less a provincial leader than a national one. [93] Chiang Kai-shek continued to rule as dictator of the National government's rump state in Taiwan until his death in 1975. In 1989, the Soviet Union was dissolved, and communism was abandoned by the countries of Central and Eastern Europe through a series of revolutions. The government was described as a dictatorship of the proletariat in which power was exercised by soviets. It is not necessarily ruled by a theology or belief. The other was a constitutional democracy. A Roman dictator was a special magistrate that was temporarily appointed by the consul during times of crisis and granted total executive authority. [135] Elections are also used to control elites within the dictatorship by requiring them to compete with one another and incentivizing them to build support with the populace, allowing the most popular and most competent elites to be promoted in the regime. A dictator is an individual who forms a government where they make decisions without effective constitutional limitations. dictatorship: 1 n a form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.) This makes it distinct from constitutional monarchy and ceremonial monarchy. [95] A similar phenomenon took place in Korea, where Kim Il-sung created a Soviet-backed communist dictatorship in North Korea[96] and Syngman Rhee created a US-backed nationalist dictatorship in South Korea. Early African dictatorships were primarily personalist socialist dictatorships, in which a single socialist would take power instead of a ruling party. The Soviet Union occupied nationalist dictatorships in the east and replaced them with communist dictatorships, while others established liberal democratic governments in the Western Bloc. At various points in the 20th and 21st centuries, during periods of domestic or foreign crisis, most constitutional regimes conferred emergency powers on the executive, suspending constitutional guarantees of individual rights or liberties or declaring some form of martial law. In Latin America in the 19th century, various dictators arose after effective central authority had collapsed in the new nations recently freed from Spanish colonial rule. Dictatorship means that system of Government which rests on a single person and that is of high authoritarianism. A dictator is a government leader who rules with unquestioned and unlimited power. Alfred says, During the 19th and 20th centuries, many monarchies (a form of dictatorship) started to decline and disappear. 2023. Synonyms: Caesarism , Stalinism , absolutism , authoritarianism , despotism , monocracy , one-man rule , shogunate , totalitarianism , tyranny Types: police state a country that maintains repressive . They are not held accountable for their actions and are free to do as they please, even limiting citizens' freedom and rights. Since many of these methods are graphic, it might be best to either use more text in the graphic organizer, or make any drawings look less realistic and more cartoonish. Difference Between Totalitarianism, Authoritarianism, Fascism - ThoughtCo Updates? As a result, dictatorship became one of the two dominant forms of government utilized by countries. [90] These new African governments were marked by severe instability, which provided opportunities for regime change and made fair elections a rare occurrence on the continent. [128] A dictator may negotiate the end of a regime if it has lost legitimacy or if a violent removal seems likely. The power structures of dictatorships vary, and different definitions of dictatorship consider different elements of this structure. Dictators tend to resort to force or fraud to gain political power. New forms of oligarchic rule have also made their appearance in many advanced industrial societies. Example: The cult of personality often elevates a dictator to divine status. [107] The development of the internet and digital communication in the 21st century have prompted dictatorships to shift from traditional means of control to digital ones, including the use of artificial intelligence to analyze mass communications, internet censorship to restrict the flow of information, and troll farms to manipulate public opinion. [69], In the time between World War I and World War II, several dictatorships were established in Europe through coups which were carried out by far-left and far-right movements. In other democracies, however, constitutional arrangements have survived quite lengthy periods of crisis, as in Great Britain and the United States during World War II, in which the use of extraordinary powers by the executive came to a halt with the end of the wartime emergency. The famous 19th-century caudillosAntonio Lpez de Santa Anna of Mexico or Juan Manuel de Rosas of Argentina, for examplewere thus essentially provincial leaders who seized control of the national government to maintain the social and economic power of provincial groups. The economic focus of a dictatorship often depends on the strength of the opposition, as a weaker opposition allows a dictator to extract additional wealth from the economy through corruption.
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