This site is using cookies under cookie policy . His son. AFP - Haitian prosecutors on Tuesday slapped a slew of corruption charges on Jean-Claude "Baby Doc" Duvalier, less than 48 hours after the former dictator's unexpected return to his . His regime was notorious for its autocratic and corrupt rule. For much of the 20 th century, Haiti was under the control of the Duvalier family, headed by Francois "Papa Doc" Duvalier until from 1954 to 1971, the country was controlled with an iron fist. Finally, in January 1971, Jean-Claude (known as "Baby Doc") was formally named as Papa Doc's successor. The Duva lierists set fire to the field and picked off the Barbots and their men as they ran out. Estimates are that over 300,000 people were killed and some 1.5 million left homeless. Duvalier's son, Bb Doc Duvalier, takes over and is also a dictator. After studying at the Lyce National, he en rolled in the University of Haiti School of Medicine, from which he was graduated in 1934. [3]:289, In 1966, Duvalier hosted the emperor of Ethiopia, Haile SelassieI, in what would be the only visit of a foreign head of state to Haiti under Duvalier. Former Haitian dictator Jean-Claude "Baby Doc" Duvalier arrives at the Caribe Hotel in Port-au-Prince after his surprise return to Haiti on Sunday, Jan. 16, 2011, in the midst of a political . Military regimes and the Duvaliers. Alleybux. Nicknamed "Baby Doc," Jean-Claude became the world's youngest president when he . Upon his return to work, Duvalier accused Barbot of trying to supplant him as president and had him imprisoned. . In February 1971, that is some two months before he died, he made sure some amendments were made to the Haitian constitution in place so his son, Jean-Claude Duvalier (who died in . A virtual poster child for Caribbean dictators, Papa Doc ruled Haiti with an iron fist from 1957 to 1971. Normally an issue contains six to eight articles of original thought, which are of general interest and relevance to the Caribbean islands and the neighbouring mainland of Central and South America. After their marriage in 1967, President Duvalier got them out of his sight by appointing Co lonel Dominique Ambassador to Spain. In 1946 the president of Haiti, Dumarsais Estim, appointed him director general of the National Public Health Service. He was to continue to hold it in superstitious reverence. He was brought up by his aunt. The Macoute, which by 1961 was twice as big as the army, never developed into a real military force but was more than just a secret police. . Choose 1 answer: You can specify conditions of storing and accessing cookies in your browser, a result of papa doc duvalier's rule in haiti was haitians fleeing the island an expansion of civil rights a strengthening of ties with the united states the signing of a peace treaty with cuba, In 2008, two years after the death of science fiction writer Octavia Butler, the Huntington Library in ______ received a collection of more than 8,000 California, [13] In July 1958, three exiled Haitian army officers and five American mercenaries landed in Haiti and tried to overthrow Duvalier; all were killed. First, U.S. agricultural authorities oversaw the mass eradication of Haitis pig population in response to an outbreak of African swine fever in the late 1970s. This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. In the 1960s, Duvalier proved to be resistant to both domestic and foreign challenges. He replaced the chief-of-staff with a more reliable officer and then proceeded to create his own power base within the army by turning the Presidential Guard into an elite corps aimed at maintaining his power. Others simply disappeared. Valbrun, who has spent time with Duvalier, wrote that "Baby Doc" embezzled at least $500 million from Haiti during his rule, citing Haitian government officials and lawyers, and American officials. Duvalier even went so far as to indoctrinate Haitian chil dren with a political catechism that included his own parody of The Lord's Prayer: Our Doc, who art in the Na tional Palace for life, Hallowed be Thy name by present and future generations. Per capita income for Haiti's 4.5million people was about $75 a year, compared with the LatinAmerican average of about $400. Haitian President. occupation is chronicled effectively in Hans Schmidt's The United States Occupation of Haiti, 1915-1934. The United States had also lost patience with Duvalier over his efforts to build Duva lierville, a model city that was to be a monument to him self. , iod) and the opinions held about immigration? Mrs. Duvalier's influence probably reached its peak after the death of her husband in 1971, when her son, still a teen-ager, succeeded his father as Haiti's ''President for Life.'' The Tontons, sunglasswear ing thugs whose fanatical loyal ty to Duvalier was rewarded with virtual licenses to torture and kill, murdered thousands of their fellow Haitians. Kennedy outperformed Nixon during televised debates because he was more comfortable and charismatic. Haiti's former leader Jean-Claude "Baby Doc" Duvalier has been charged with corruption and embezzlement during his 1971-1986 rule, prosecutors say. Legislative elections in January 1991 gave Aristide supporters a plurality in Haitis parliament. [10][29] Duvalier attempted to exploit tensions between the U.S. and Cuba, emphasizing his anti-communist credentials and Haiti's strategic location as a means of winning U.S. support: Communism has established centres of infection No area in the world is as vital to American security as the Caribbean We need a massive injection of money to reset the country on its feet, and this injection can come only from our great, capable friend and neighbor the United States. (L-R) Jean Claude"Baby Doc" Duvalier, Francois "Papa Doc" Duvalier (L-R) Jean Claude"Baby Doc" Duvalier, Francois "Papa Doc" Duvalier. A supporter of President Dumarsais Estim, Duvalier was appointed director general of the National Public Health Service in 1946, and he directed the anti-yaws campaign in 194748. Before his death in 1971, he designated his son, Jean-Claude, aged 19 and nicknamed Baby Doc by the foreign media, to succeed him as president for life. Updates? (Choice A) California Many Haitians left the country to escape abuses and poor economic conditions. Hong Kong. [9] His patients affectionately called him "Papa Doc", a moniker that he used throughout his life. By the mid-1980s the ranks of the Tontons Macoutes had swelled to some 15,000 men, but they failed to silence a series of countrywide demonstrations against high unemployment, poor living conditions, and the lack of political freedom. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English? [12] In 1966, he persuaded the Holy See to allow him permission to nominate the Catholic hierarchy for Haiti. On Dec. 16, 1990, Jean-Bertrand Aristide, a leftist Roman Catholic priest, won the presidency by a landslide in what were widely reported to be the first free elections in Haitis history. As revolutionary, he said gravely, I have no right to disregard the voice of the people.. [6]:85 On 14 June 1964, a constitutional referendum made Duvalier "President for Life", a title previously held by seven Haitian presidents. Duvalier publicly renounced all aid from Washington on nationalist grounds, portraying himself as a "principled and lonely opponent of domination by a great power". [21] Although the army and its leaders had quashed the coup attempt, the incident deepened Duvalier's distrust of the army, an important Haitian institution over which he did not have firm control. A Record in Office. On assuming power, Duvalier appointed Clement Barbot as his chief aide and charged him with recruiting toughs into what would soon be called the Tontons Macoutes. [10], The racism and violence that occurred during the United States occupation of Haiti, which began in 1915, inspired black nationalism among Haitians and left a powerful impression on the young Duvalier. Papa Doc's monument became a complex of halffinished, rotting buildings. During the President's illness, power fell to Mr. Barbot, whose skill in eliminating the regime's enemies had earned him the nickname Muffler. Of the three major candidates in the 1957 election campaign, Duvalier was the most enig matic. . memorial page for Francois "Papa Doc" Duvalier (14 Apr 1907-21 Apr 1971), Find a Grave Memorial ID 6942296; Burial Details Unknown; Maintained by Find . And in another seeming para dox, Duvalier had the all important support of the army, whose generals considered him a feckless puppet. In 1961, Duvalier began violating the provisions of the 1957 constitution. Knox lost and was sentenced to death, but he was later granted amnesty.[50]. 2004 Taylor & Francis, Ltd. To finance it, he levied heavy taxes on such vital foods as sugar, rice and edible oils, forced Government work ers to have part of their salaries docked to buy Government bonds and lottery tickets, and instructed the Tontons to shake down foreign businessmen for contributions.. And to further assure his as sumed benignity, Duvalier had his rubberstamp legislature pro claim him Incorruptible Leader of the Great Majority of the Haitian People, Renovator of the Republic, Chief of the Revo lution and Spiritual Father of the Nation. The 61-year-old Desyr, portrayed as a symbol of the evils of the 28-year Duvalier family rule, was . (Choice B) California, Blucher Philogenes, who had bragged he was immune to death. He was president of Haiti from September 1957 to his death in April 1971. [39][40][41], Many books have been written about the Duvalier Era in Haiti, the best known of which is Graham Greene's novel The Comedians. The Haitian police were thrust into their duties with inadequate preparation and were soon criticized for high incidences of corruption and unwarranted violence. Opponents, however, saw little change in the regimes basic nature. This coincided with reports that AIDS was becoming a major problem in Haiti. To make this possible, Papa Doc's legislature changed the Constitution, which had stipu lated the President had to be at least 40 years old, and the people were permitted to vote in February, 1971, on the pro position: Citizen Dr. Franois Duvalier has chosen Citizen JeanClaude Duvalier to succeed him to the Presidency for Life of the Republic. [27]:4748. Prior to his rule, Duvalier was a physician by profession. [6]:51 He completed a degree in medicine from the University of Haiti in 1934,[9] and served as staff physician at several local hospitals. His practice included taking part in campaigns to prevent yaws and other diseases. 6,657. , s is a human and social service question i dunno what "subject" this class falls under). Fran ois Duvalier. To preserve these articles as they originally appeared, The Times does not alter, edit or update them. Baby Doc was definitely not an improvement on his dad. The Constitution, written by the President himself, had called for election of a uni cameral legislature in 1961. Papa Doc maintained his presidency until his death in 1971. write at least 7 sentences, Which of the following is NOT a reason John F. Kennedy won the 1960 presidential election over Richard Nixon? Therefore it can be concluded that "A result of Papa Doc Duvalier's rule in Haiti was the establishment of a totalitarian regime". Francois "Papa Doc" Duvalier was elected president that year but became a dictator, refusing to give up his leadership role until his death in 1971. Former Haitian dictator Jean-Claude Duvalier died of a heart attack in Port-au-Prince at the age of 63, a family member told CNN Saturday. He came into power via military coup d'tat and was then made the president. Duvalierville, despite the fact millions of dollars were spent on it, was never completed. He promoted black nationalism and was elected in 1957, and in 1958 he conducted an overthrow (coup d'tat) that transformed the nation into a totalitarian state. After the assassination of John F. Kennedy in November 1963, which Duvalier later claimed resulted from a curse that he had placed on Kennedy,[28] the U.S. eased its pressure on Duvalier, grudgingly accepting him as a bulwark against communism. His legacy to Haiti was dole ful. However, as Dominican military commanders expressed little support for an invasion of Haiti, Bosch refrained from the invasion and sought mediation through the OAS. Prval, faced with political infighting among the groups that had supported Aristide, dissolved the parliament in 1999. (Choice C) California: Since the late nineteenth century, Haitians have been working as migrant labor in agriculture throughout the Caribbean. He was appointed underminister of labour in 1948 and the following year became minister of public health and labour, a post that he retained until May 10, 1950, when President Estim was overthrown by a military junta under Paul E. Magloire, who was subsequently elected president. In April, 1963, Mr. Barbot, by then released from prison, made a bold attempt to topple Duvalier. During the search, Duvalier was told that Barbot had transformed himself into a black dog, which prompted Duvalier to order that all black dogs in Haiti be put to death. "Papa Doc" redirects here. 4 William Paley, 'Power shift imperils Haiti's frail stability', The Guardian (London) 13 January 1982. Papa Docs regime was THE MOST repressive regime in northern hemisphere and his legacy of torture, repression and dictatorship was taken forward by his son Jean-Claude Duvalier who later became known as Baby Doc. Which Country Is Larger By Population? However, Aristides reformist policies alienated the wealthy elite, and, after he had been in office less than eight months, Brig. Politically active from an early age, Duvalier wrote . In 1956, the Magloire government was failing, and although still in hiding, Duvalier announced his candidacy to replace him as president. [4], Duvalier was born in Port-au-Prince in 1907, the son of Duval Duvalier, a justice of the peace, and baker Ulyssia Abraham. First he obtained a petition from his army generals de manding the action, then had his legislature replace the Con stitution with one that legalized a presidency for life, and fi nally clinched matters by hold ing a referendum in which ne was the sole candidate. He challenged Cuba, the Dominican Republic, and the United States, leaving the country with few political allies. It is an outlet for the publication of results of research into, and considered views on, matters Caribbean. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. [20]:93. Duvalier was just 19 when in 1971 he inherited the . 19. The regime was characterized by corruption and human rights abuses, but a personality cult developed around Duvalier himself, and some sectors of society strongly supported him, including a small upwardly mobile black middle class. Duvalier attempted to win Cuba over by recognizing Castro's government by sending medicine and pardoning several political prisoners, but to no avail; from the very start of his regime, Castro gave anti-Duvalier dissidents his full support. A contributor to the daily Action Nationale (1934), Duvalier was markedly influenced by the mystic scholar Lorimer Denis and became a member of Le Groupe des Griots, a circle of writers who embraced black nationalism and voodoo as the key sources of Haitian culture. rights abuses during his 15-year rule. Hours after the Domini ques had left, Papa Doc rounded up 19 of their army officer friends and, after accusing them of plotting against him, person ally led the firing squad that executed them. A new law declared that "Communist activities, no matter what their form, are hereby declared crimes against the security of the State." The abrupt departure ended Haiti's infamous Duvalier era, 28 years of often-harsh repression under a father and then a son.